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Camera Lens, the perfect Photo of changing the angle of View

The angle of view, or the amount of a scene taken in by the lens, is governed by the focal length of the lens: for example, a short focal length will give a wide angle or view. So you can photograph different parts of the view just by changing lenses–as shown in the three pictures on the right. The girl and the camera stay in the same position for each photograph, showing that subject and background enlarge equally as the angle of view narrows.

1 WIDE ANGLE LENS

The short focal length of a 28mm lens on a 35mm camera means that the angle of view is wide, allowing the whole of the building behind the subject to be photographed. Object size in the viewfinder is small and the foreground prominent.

2 NORMAL LENS

The normal angle of view of a 50mm lens gives a view comparable with Your own. Less of the building can be seen as the angle narrows; both the girl and her background have enlarged equally.

3 TELEPHOTO LENS

A 135mm telephoto lens concentrates on the girl. Its long focal length magnifies, but the much narrower angle of view includes less of her surroundings. Compare this picture with the top one: the girl’s head is in the same position in relation to the window in the building behind. Both subject and background have grown equally.

If, instead of changing the lens, you move the camera to include a different amount of the subject in the viewfinder the angle of view stays the same, but the size of the subject changes in relation to the background. Perspective enlarges objects close to the camera, and is especially noticeable when you photograph a nearby subject with a distant background. If the subject is further away, the effect is less apparent.

The three pictures on the left were all taken using a 50mm lens on an SLR camera. The girl did not move but the camera position was altered. Compare these pictures with the ones opposite; the angle of view has not changed, but the subject gets larger in relation to the background as the camera advances.

4 DISTANCEOF 12m

The building looks tall in relation to the girl; building and subject both appear distant and close together.

5 DISTANCE OF 7.5m

As you move closer to the girl she becomes larger in relation to the background. The feeling of depth in the picture has increased with perspective.

6 DISTANCE OF 2.75m

Here the background is even smaller. The steeper perspective creates the illusion of great distance between the girl and her background. Compare this picture with the one at top to see how the girl’s size has altered in relation to hedge, trees and building.

The full range of lenses

There is a wide range of lenses currently available. The photographer has to choose the focal length that he needs for a particular subject. The 28mm, 50mm, and 135mm focal lengths used on cameras which take interchangeable lenses cover most situations. Beyond these there are the ultra-wide angle (below 28mm) and long telephoto (over 200mm) lenses for special effects. These special lenses and the equipment for close-up photography, zoom lenses, and mirror lenses.

The short focal length of a 20mm lens gives great depth of field, which means that most of the picture is sharp and focusing is not critical. Distortion of the subject at the picture edges must be taken into account, although makers’ corrections do compensate for this. Lenses as wide as the 8mm fisheye are not corrected and the result is a completely circular view with only the centre of the picture retaining familiar proportions.

Powerful telephoto lenses—such as 1000mm lenses—show detail in distant subjects which, pictured on their own, look normal. If other objects are included in front of or behind the subject, distance appears compressed. As focal length increases through the lens range, the depth of field shortens dramatically and accurate focusing is essential to get a sharp result. These long lenses are large and heavy so a tripod should be used to avoid camera shake.

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