The most important additions to the camera outfit are the extra lenses. If you have always used a standard lens on your camera, you may not find it easy to decide which would be the best lens to buy next. Obviously, you want to start with the one that will be the most versatile for your type of photography. As a first buy, most photographers choose a wide angle lens (28mm) or a telephoto lens (135mm). If you like taking scenic landscape pictures or you want to include a wide area without having to step back with the camera too much, then a wide- angle lens is a good choice. Read the rest of this entry »
The lens-to-camera attachment is very important on SLR cameras. It must be easy to fit, light-tight, and link up smoothly with the camera’s controls. There are two basic types of lens mount—screw thread and bayonet. Screw thread mounts: found on the older or less expensive SLR models. Their great advantage is standardization. All screw thread lenses fit any make of 35mm camera body made for this type of lens mount. Read the rest of this entry »
Most modern cameras make it impossible to make a double exposure unintentionally. But sometimes double or multiple exposures provide unusual and interesting results.
A few cameras have a switch or lever to allow the shutter to be retensioned without advancing the film to the next frame. This makes accurate register of the subject components possible and gives the most successful multiple exposures. Read the rest of this entry »
This is usually found on a camera top plate. The index shows the exact location of the film within the camera and thus enables accurate measurements and calculations to be made. It is most useful for close-up work when you may want to measure bellows extension or extension tubes to help you work out magnification and exposure. Close-ups are difficult to focus with a non-reflex camera because the focus cannot be checked through the viewfinder. Instead the distance from the subject to the film must be measured accurately. Some cameras which do not have a film plane index have a serial number engraved on the top plate. The top of the figures often corresponds to the location of the film plane inside the camera. Read the rest of this entry »
A few sophisticated automatic cameras have a dual metering system, one to provide guidance to the photographer in the form of a viewfinder exposure display, while the other system takes a reading of light reflected from the film plane during exposure. The Olympus OM2n is an example where CdS cells provide viewfinder information while silicon cells control the exposure when the camera is set to automatic. Read the rest of this entry »
You can measure the light either from the camera position or from close to the subject. The reading can be taken in two ways: using the light reflected from the subject or the incident light falling on the subject. Incident light readings can only be taken using a hand-held meter.
A reflected light reading, taken by both built-in and hand-held meters, measures the light bouncing off the subject. It can he measured either from the camera position, where you will actually take the photograph, or close to the subject. Taking the reading from the camera position will give an overall impression of the available light, including the background. But, if one part of the picture is more important than the rest, walk up to it and take the reading, or measure the light on a substitute. For example, a hand held close to the meter will represent skin tones in a portrait if similarly lit. Read the rest of this entry »
When you open the back of a camera to change the film, look inside and then press the shutter release. As the shutter opens the aperture can be seen beyond it. This shows more clearly if you look through the front of the lens or, on a camera with interchangeable lenses, take the lens off and look through that. Turn the aperture control and the size of the aperture will alter within the lens as you change the settings.
As the size of the aperture changes, so does the brightness of the light allowed through the lens. Aperture size, and therefore brightness, is controlled by the iris diaphragm, made up of a number of thin, interleaving blades which rotate to make the aperture larger or smaller. Making it smaller (stopping down the lens) reduces the amount of light reaching the film; increasing the size allows more light through. Read the rest of this entry »
When the solenoid is energized, the plunger is pulled upward by magnetic force of the solenoid coil, and the pin travels back and forth in the upper slot of the spin cam bar. This action pulls the spin cam bar backward from the basket clutch shaft, which allows the bar to slide downward toward the clutch lining. Read the rest of this entry »
Specific failure symptoms include: 1) Washer has burning smell when running or labors excessively when running. 2) Wash water does not drain from the machine either at the end of the cycle or when the washer enters pump out phase of the cycle. To find the cause of the problem, remove the washer drain hose from the drain standpipe and check for a kinked hose and start the washer. If water now pumps out of the washer, the problem is a kinked drain hose. If little or no water is being pumped out of the washer, the problem is either the washer self -cleaning filter, timer assembly, a filter trap restriction, or a non- operating water pump. Read the rest of this entry »
Specific failure symptoms include: 1) Washer begins to agitate or spin and water spills or leaks onto the floor. 2) After the washer has completed its cycle, water appears on the laundry room floor. To locate the cause of the problem, first look behind the washer at the wash station stand pipe. Check the washer water inlet valve, which has two hoses (hot-cold) attached, for deterioration of the hoses. If a hose has a leak, replace it.
To avoid any incorrect readings when using the volt/ohmmeter, always “zero” the ohmmeter scale of the volt/ohmmeter before making any continuity checks on components. See operating instructions. Read the rest of this entry »
